Question |
Answer |
Most natural phenomena we wonder about |
involve several scientific disciplines. |
Wheras Aristotle relied on logic in explaining nature, Galileo relied on |
experiments. |
Science, art, and religion do not contradict each other because |
all three have different domains. |
If experimental findings are not reproducible, |
the results are not considered valid. |
In science, an educated guess is a |
hypothesis. |
If a free falling object were equipped with a speedometer, its speed reading would increase each second by about |
10 m/s. |
Using science to analyze nature |
adds depth to our understanding and therfore adds to our appreciation of nature. |
Science and technology are |
related to each other, but not the same thing. |
A kilogram is a measure of an object's |
mass. |
The statement, "There are regions below the Earth's crust that will always be beyond the reach of scientific investigation," is a |
speculation. |
The synthesis of a large collection of information that contains well tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the world is known as scientific |
theory. |
1 1-kg mass at the Earth's surface weighs |
10N. |
What is the acceleration of a car that maintains a constant velocity of 100 km/h for 10 s? |
0 m/s2 |
The scientific method is a method for |
gaining new knowledge. |
When distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges |
quadrouples. |
A proton and an electron are placed in an electrical field. Which undergoes the greatest acceleration? |
electron |
Electrons are made to flow in a wire when there is |
a potential difference across its end. |
Moving electric charges interact with |
a magnetic and an electrical field. |
Thrust a magnetic coil into a coil of wire and the coil |
becomes an electromagnet and has a current in it. |
If you do work on an object in half the time, your power output is |
twice the usual power output. |
An object that has kinetic energy must be |
moving. |
Which has greater kinetic energy, a car traveling at 30 km/h or a car of half that mass traveling at 60 km/h? |
The 60 km/h car. |
When the distance between two stars decreases by half, the force between them |
increases to four times as much. |
Which force binds atoms together to form molecules? |
electrical |
To say that electrical charge has been conserved means that no case has ever been found where |
net charge has been created or destroyed. |
As more lamps are put into a series circuit, the overall current in the power source |
decreases. |
The headlights, radio, and defroster fan in an automobile are connected in |
parallel. |
If you push an object twice as far while applying the same force, you do |
twice as much work. |
An ampere is a unit of electrical |
current. |
The force on an electron moving in a magnetic field will be largest when its direction is |
perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. |
An object is raised above the ground gaining a certain amount of potential energy. If the same object is raised twice as high, it gains |
twice as much potential energy. |
According to Newton, the greater the masses of interacting objects, the |
greater the gravitational force between them. |
Magnetic domains normally occur in |
iron. |
The solar system consists of objects |
gravitationally bound to the Sun. |
Consider a huge rotating cloud of particles in space that gravitate together to form an increasingly dense ball. As the cloud shrinks in size it rotates |
faster. |
A main difference between gravitational and electrical forces is that electrical forces |
repel or attract. |
The source of all magnetism is |
moving electric charge. |
The electrical forces between charges depends on the |
seperation distance and magnitude of electric charges. |
A flower pot of mass "m" falls from rest to the ground below, a distance "h". The KE of the pot when it hits the ground |
is proportional to "h". |
Current flows through a |
circuit. |
If you exert 1 N for a distance of 1 m in 1 s, you will deliver a power of |
1 W. |
Voltage can be induced in a wire by |
changing the current in a nearby wire, moving a magnet near the wire, or moving the wire near a magnet. |
The direction of a gravitational field is |
in the same direction of gravitational attraction. |
Charge carriers in a metal are electrons rather than protons because electrons are |
loosely bound. |
Thermal energy is a measure of vibrational and |
rotational and translational kinetic energy. |
Wave interference occurs for |
sound, light, and water waves. |
Sound travels fastest through |
steel. |
Refraction of sound can occur in |
air and water. |
Relative to ultraviolet waves, the wavelength of infrared waves is |
longer. |
The Mercalli scale measures the |
damage done by the earthquake. |
The movement of water in a wave travels |
in a circular path and just below the surface. |
The vibrations of a longitudinal wave move in a direction |
along the direction of the wave. |
For light, a red shift indicates the light source moves |
away from you. |
A sound source of high frequency emits a high |
pitch. |
Sound waves cannot travel in |
a vacuum. |
A sound wave is a |
longitudinal wave. |
The main difference between a radio wave and a light wave is its |
frequency and |
Light behaves as a particle when it |
interacts with matter. |
Earthquake P-waves |
are longitudinal vibrations similar to sound waves. |
In designing a music hall, an acoustical engineer deals mainly with |
wave interference. |
The source of all electromagnetic waves is |
vibrating charges. |
The vibrations of a transverse wave move in a direction |
at right angles to the direction of wave travel. |
Tsunami are caused usually by |
earthquakes in subduction zones. |
The source of all wave motion is a |
vibrating object. |
The Richter scale measures the earthquake's |
magnitude. |
Electromagnetic waves consist of |
vibrating electric and magnetic fields. |
The fastest seismic wave is a |
primary wave. |
In a swell, wavelength is constant. As a swell nears the shore and touches bottom, the wavelength |
shortens, the wave speed slows, and the wave height increases. |
The Richter scale measures the |
amount the ground shakes during the Earthquake. |
Which electromagnetic wave has the shortest wavelength? |
X-rays |
The photoelectric effect best demonstrates the |
particle nature of light. |
Compressions and rarefractions are characteristic of |
longitudinal waves. |
In both fission and fusion, mass |
is changed to the form of kinetic energy. |
Compared to the density of water, the density of Saturn is |
less. |
Asteroids that are most likely to fall to Earth with devastating impact are asteroids of the |
inner solar system. |
Thermonuclear fusion occurs mainly in the |
cores of stars. |
After our Sun burns its supply of hydrogen, it will become a |
red giant. |
The Hertsprung-Russel Diagram, an important tool to astronomers, relates stellar temperatures to stellar |
brightness. |
Stars on the main sequence of the Hertsprung-Russel diagram |
generate energy by fusing hydrogen to helium. |
Red giants are stars that |
are large but have low surface temperatures. |
White dwarfs are stars that |
are small but have high surface temperatures. |
An atom with an imbalance of electrons to protons is |
an ion. |
The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of its |
protons. |
Different isotopes of an element have different numbers of |
neutrons. |
Which isotope is radioactive? |
carbon-14 |
Compared to the mass of a uranium nucleus before splitting, the pieces it splits into have |
less mass. |
Between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, radioactive by-products are more characteristic of nuclear |
fission. |
Why are the inner planets rocky? |
They are formed from materials with high melting points. |
Which planet is most tipped on its orbital plane? |
Uranus. |
A nucleon has more potential energy with respect to its nucleus when it is |
outside the nucleus. |
Which planet has a size similar to Earth? |
Venus |
the end result of radioactive decay can be a different |
isotope, atom, or element. |
Evidence of the Big Bang is the |
long wavelength radiation that permeates the universe and slowing down of the galaxies as they recede. |
A pulsar is likely a |
spinning neutron star |
The predominant gas in the atmosphere of Mars is |
carbon dioxide |
The temperature of a star is evidenced by its |
color. |
What is a black hole? |
The remains of a giant collapsed star. |
Energy released from the Sun results from the process wherin atomic nuclei |
combine |
The larger the nucleus, the greater its |
instability. |
Carbon dating requires that the object being tested contains |
organic material. |
Electric forces within an atomic nucleus tend to |
push it apart. |
A blue star is __________ than a red star. |
hotter |
The Nebular theory is based upon the observation that the solar system |
is highly ordered, indicating it formed in a step-wise manner from physical processes. |
Radiometric dating is based on |
proportions of radioactive isotopes and their decay products. |
The atomic mass number of an element is the same as the number of its |
nucleons. |
The Oort cloud is like the Kuiper Belt in that |
has the same geometric shape. |
The neon atoms tend NOT to gain any additonal electrons because |
there is no room available in tis outermost occupied shell. |
What type of chemical bond would you expect between two chlorine atoms? |
nonpolar covalent |
Earth's magnetic field is attributed to the |
flow of molten fluid in the Earth's outer core. |
A mineral that is not a silicate is |
calcite. |
Minerals that have strong bonds between flat cyrstal surfaces tend to |
show poor cleavage. |
Limestone may be made up of |
shell fragments from marine animals. |
The layered appearance of foliated metamorphic rock is due to the |
realignment of minerals so that they are perpendicular to compressive forces. |
Rocks altered by heat and pressure beneath the Earth's surface are |
metamorphic rocks. |
What makes an element distinct? |
the number of protons. |
In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is balanced by an equal number of |
electrons. |
If one neutron is added to a helium nucleus, the result is |
helium |
If two protons are added to an oxygen nucleus, the result is |
Neon |
Where are metals found on the periodic table? |
on the left and central portion. |
When a gas is changed to a liquid phase, the gas |
releases energy. |
What elements tend to form ionic compounds? |
elements found on opposite sides of the periodic table. |
What chemical bond would you have between calcium and chlorine? |
Ionic |
Both nitrogen and phosphorus are able to attract three more electrons to their outer shells because |
these electrons are able to pair with unpaired valence electrons, have three spaces available and the nuclear charge attracts them. |
Earth's layer with the most plastic like behavior is |
the mantle. |
Is the air in your house homogeneous or heterogeneous? |
heterogenous because of the dust particles it contains. |
Some _________ rocks were made from minerals dissolved in water. |
sedimentary |
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? |
The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together. |
Continental crust is very bouyant compared with oceanic crust because continental crust is |
predominantly composed of granitic rock, wheras oceanic crust is composed of basaltic rock. |
One DNA strand has a sequence of CAGTC. The opposite strand has a sequence of |
GTCAG |
If DNA is described as resembling a ladder in structure, the "sides" of the ladder consist of ________ and the "rungs" consist of _____________. |
sugar; phosphate |
The lithosphere includes |
part of the mantle and the crust, continental and oceanic crust. |
The outer electrons of metal atoms differ from the outer electrons of nonmetal atoms in that the outer electrons of metal atoms |
reflect many frequencies of light, can conduct electricity, and are loosely held. |
The Mohorovicic discountinuity marks the change in rock density between |
the mantle and the crustal surface. |
The upper mantle can be divided into two zones, the |
asthenosphere in the lower upper mantle and lithosphere in the upper part of the upper mantle. |
The mantle is composed of |
iron-rich silicate rocks. |
Oxygen atoms are used to make water molecules. Does that mean that oxygen, O2, water, and H20 have similar properties? |
No, compounds are uniquely different from the elements from which they are made. |
How would you differientiate a sodium vapor street lamp and a mercury vapor street lamp? |
Look at the street lamps through a spectroscope and match their spectral patterns to their respective atomic spectra. |
Erosion is |
transportation of rock particles via wind, water, or ice. |
The Earth's core is made up of |
iron and nickel. |
The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the |
silicate tetrahedron. |
Covalent and ionic bonds differ in that |
ionic bonds don't involve the sharing of electrons. |
Most mountains are caused by |
compressive forces |
The principle cause of erosion and transportation of sediment in the desert is |
wind. |
A rock that is readily attacked by chemical weathering is |
limestone |
The typical mountain valley that has been subjected to glaciation is shaped like |
the letter "U" |
A moraine is |
a glacier deposit. |
The glass on a greenhouse allows |
ultraviolet light to enter, and traps the longer waves. |
The trophosphere is |
the lowest layer and thickest, where weather occurs. |
Alfred Wegener supported his theory of continental drift by |
making connections between rocks, rock structures, and plant and animal fossils found in both Africa and South America. |
The theory of seafloor spreading is supported by |
paleomagnetic analysis of the ocean floor. |
The theory of plate tectonics states |
the lithosphere is broken up into several plates that move about as a result of convective motion in the athenosphere. |
Fault block mountains are produced by |
tensional forces and movement of sections of rock along fault planes. |
Divergent boundaries are areas of |
tensional forces that stretch the crust and generate a spreading center. |
Convergent boundaries are |
regions of plate collision, mountain building, and subduction zones. |
The layers of the Earth's atmosphere are |
trophosphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. |
Land subsidence is not reversible because |
the compacted clay layers cannot be expanded. |
A drop in barometric pressure indicates |
a stationary front. |
Mountains tend to form in long narrow ranges because |
mountains are the result of plate convergence – plates coming together. |
According to the theory of seafloor spreading, molten rock is rising up along |
subsiding divergent margins. |
Transform faults are areas of crustal |
accomodation and plate movement. |
What percent of energy at one trophic level becomes available at the next level? |
10% |
Permanently frozen subsoil characterizes |
tundra |
Biodiversity is believed to be the greatest when a habitat experiences |
regular disturbances that are not too extreme. |
Fertile soils are found in |
deserts and temperate grasslands. |
Wind is generated in response to |
temperature differences, pressure differences, and the unequal heating of the earth's surface. |
Which trophic level do plant eating antelope belong to? |
primary consumers |
Which trophic level do meat-eating lions belong to? |
secondary consumers |
Carbon moves from the abiotic world to the biotic world when |
plants build glucose during photosynthesis. |
The biotic and abiotic resources a species uses is called its |
niche. |
When an Egyptiona plover cleans the teeth of a crocodile, we see an example of |
mutualism. |
The primary driving force of the Earth's weather is |
solar radiation. |
The reactants in the overal chemical equation of photosynthesis are |
carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. |
Fungi that consume dead organic matter are |
decomposers. |
Oceanice phytoplankton are found in the |
photic zone. |
A dense canopy of trees, little leaf litter, and poor soil characterizes |
tropical forests. |
Almost all the Earth's supply of energy comes from |
the Sun. |
The relationship between a leech and the animal it feeds off of is an example of |
symbiosis and parasitism. |
All the organisms that live in a given area, plus the abiotic features that make up their environment, make up an |
ecosystem. |
The three domains of life are |
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. |
Bacteria can possess any of the following traits except |
mitochondria. |
An example of artifical selection is |
breeding of corn from tesonite. |
A swim bladder is found in |
ray-finned fish. |
True or False: Fungi include both unicellular and multicellular forms. |
True. |
Under the cladistic classification system, organisms are grouped together based on their |
evolutionary history. |
An example of an autotrophic protist is |
kelp. |
The scientific name of a species is |
always Latinized and consists of the genus name and the species name. |
Archaea cannot be an |
eukaryote. |
Natural selection may favor traits that help organisms |
acquire mates, survive, and successfully raise offpsring. |
Animals that have only a single body opening that serves as both the mouth and anus are |
cnidarians and flatworms. |
Humans are |
heterotrophs. |
Blood flowing back to the heart travels in |
veins. |
The organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plant cells are |
chloroplasts. |
Blood in the left ventricle of the heart will be pumped to |
arteries going to body tissues. |
During which process is most ATP generated? |
electron transport |
Which stage of the cell cycle does the cell divide? |
mitosis |
A mutation in which one nucleotide is subsituted for another is called |
point mutation. |
From which blood vessels are materials exchanged between blood and body tissues? |
capillaries. |
Carbo dioxide moves from the bloodstream to the alveoli through the process of |
diffusion. |
Urine flows from the bladder out of the body through the |
urethra. |
During the inflammatory response, |
damaged tissues release histamines and fluid leaks from capillaries causing swelling. |
A ph of 7 signifies |
A neutral soultion. |
During glycolysis, |
sugar is split and ATP is generated. |
A prokaryotic cell could potentially have |
a cell wall. |
Water moves in and out of cells through |
diffusion. |
Nucleic acids |
store genetic information in living organisms. |
A sodium-potassium pump provides an example of |
active transport. |
Codons that signal that there are no amino acids in a protein are |
stop codons. |
What form of transport across the cell membrane does not require energy, but does require a carrier protein? |
facilitated diffusion. |
From the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the |
Bowman's capsule. |
What occurs in the loop of Henle? |
Water reabsorption. |
What would produce a frameshift mutation? |
The insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene-coding sequence. |
The heart is an example of |
an organ. |
Energy is required to break apart a chemical bond to overcome |
electrical forces of attraction. |
If an organism's diploid cells have 40 chromosomes, then its haploid cells have |
20 chromosomes. |
The cells that allow the immune system to respond more quickly to an antigen when it is encountered again later in life are called |
memory cells. |
The difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction is that an exothermic reaction |
has energy as a product and an endothermic reaction has energy as a reactant. |
One difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that |
prokaryotic cells have existed on the Earth for far longer than eukaryotic cells. |
A highly acidic mix of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes is added to food in the |
stomach. |
Neorons that carry messages from the central nervous system to muscle cells or to other responsive organs are called |
motor neurons. |